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WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The Federal Reserve on Wednesday raised its benchmark overnight interest rate by half a percentage point, the biggest jump in 22 years, and the U.S. central bank’s chief made an appeal to Americans struggling with high inflation to be patient while officials take the hard measures to bring it under control.

In a widely expected move, the Fed set its target federal funds rate to a range between 0.75% and 1% in a unanimous decision, and Fed Chair Jerome Powell said policymakers were ready to approve half-percentage-point rate hikes at upcoming policy meetings in June and July.

The level of specificity – effectively announcing Fed rate hikes in advance – was unusual, but reflected Powell steering a course between high inflation that requires a strong Fed response, and trying to avoid the sort of overkill that might tip the economy into recession.

In a news conference after the release of the Fed’s policy statement, Powell explicitly ruled out raising rates by three-quarters of a percentage point in a coming meeting, a comment that triggered a stock market rally.

But he also made clear the rate increases the Fed already has in mind were “not going to be pleasant” as they force Americans to pay more for home mortgages and auto loans, and possibly dent asset values.

The Fed also said it would start next month to reduce the roughly USD 9 trillion stash of assets accumulated during its efforts to fight the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic as another lever to bring inflation under control.

“It’s very unpleasant,” Powell said of the impact on households of inflation, which is running about three times the Fed’s 2% target. “If you’re a normal economic person, then you probably don’t have … that much extra … to spend and it’s immediately hitting your spending on groceries … on gasoline on energy and things like that. So we understand the pain involved.”

STABLE PRICES

Powell told reporters that he and his Fed colleagues were determined to restore price stability even if that meant steps that would lead to lower business investment and household spending, and slower economic growth. The implications of inflation getting out of hand, he said, were worse.

“In the end, everyone is better off … with stable prices,” Powell said.

Still, Powell said he felt the U.S. economy is performing well, and strong enough to withstand the coming rate increases without being driven into recession or even seeing a significant rise in unemployment.

Despite a drop in gross domestic product over the first three months of this year, “household spending and business fixed investment remain strong. Job gains have been robust,” the central bank’s Federal Open Market Committee said in its policy statement.

Officials sharpened their description of the risks for elevated inflation to persist, especially with factors that have arisen since the start of the year, including the war in Ukraine and new coronavirus lockdowns in China.

“The Committee is highly attentive to inflation risks,” the Fed said in language analysts interpreted as a sign of the Fed’s commitment to push interest rates as high as needed to get inflation, and the expectations surrounding its future path, back to the 2% target.

BALANCE SHEET REDUCTION

The statement said the Fed’s balance sheet, which soared to about USD 9 trillion as the central bank tried to shelter the economy from the pandemic, would be allowed to decline by USD 47.5 billion per month in June, July and August and by up to USD 95 billion per month starting in September.

Policymakers did not issue fresh economic projections after this week’s meeting, but data since their last gathering in March have given no definitive sense that inflation, wage growth, or a torrid pace of hiring had begun to slow.

U.S. stock markets jumped following the announcement, extending gains after Powell poured cold water on the idea of hiking rates by three-quarters of a percentage point. The S&P 500 index closed about 3% higher, notching its biggest one-day percentage gain in nearly a year.

Yields on government bonds fell sharply in volatile trading while the dollar weakened against a basket of major trading partners’ currencies.

“This one has been well communicated and well delivered,” said Simona Mocuta, chief economist with State Street Global Advisors. “There is an awareness that they are tightening into a slowing economy and there are risks associated. For the magnitude of the move it has been very uneventful, and that is a good thing.”

May 4 (Reuters) – The Federal Reserve on Wednesday said it will start culling assets from its USD 9 trillion balance sheet in June and will do so at nearly twice the pace it did in its previous “quantitative tightening” exercise as it confronts inflation running at a four-decade high.

The central bank’s stash of assets has roughly doubled in size during the coronavirus pandemic as it used purchases of Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities to smooth market functioning and augment the effects of its interest rates cuts. Now it wants to reverse much of that, and in relatively short order, alongside rate hikes meant to cool inflation.

Here’s a rundown of what is in the cards now and how it differs from the 2017-2019 “QT” period.

The Fed’s announcement of the start of this QT round came just one meeting after lifting its benchmark short-term interest rate for the first time since 2018.

In the previous episode, the launch of QT in the fall of 2017 occurred nearly two years after that cycle’s first rate hike, which had taken place in December 2015.

This time’s onset of QT is also a bit earlier relative to where the Fed is in its overall tightening process. Along with announcing that QT will start on June 1, the Fed on Wednesday lifted its target rate to 0.75-1.00%. Last time, QT did not begin until rates had reached 1.00-1.25%.

LARGER CAPS

Come September, the Fed will be cutting USD 95 billion a month from its holdings, split between USD 60 billion of Treasuries and USD 35 billion of MBS.

That is roughly double the maximum pace of USD 50 billion a month targeted in the 2017-2019 cycle. Back then, the split was USD 30 billion of Treasuries and USD 20 billion of MBS.

In the last cycle, it took a full year for the Fed to reach that maximum reduction rate of USD 50 billion a month. It started with USD 10 billion a month (USD 6 billion Treasuries/USD 4 billion MBS) and increased that by USD 10 billion a quarter until it reached its maximum rate in the fall of 2018.

This time, it will go from zero to USD 95 billion in the space of three months, with only one initial step before moving to the maximum reduction pace. On June 1, it will start the process at USD 47.5 billion a month for the first three months, divided as USD 30 billion of Treasuries and USD 17.5 billion of MBS. It will increase to the full USD 95 billion three months later.

When the Fed kicked off its first-ever QT undertaking, its total balance sheet was around USD 4.5 trillion in size. In nearly two years of QT, it managed to bring that down by about USD 650 billion to a bit over USD 3.8 trillion before it brought the program to a stop.

This time, the annualized monthly rate of reduction works out to more than USD 1.1 trillion a year in balance sheet roll-offs once it attains its maximum pace. That means it will likely surpass the total of the entire 2017-2019 QT cycle by early 2023. Many economists see officials targeting about USD 3 trillion in total balance sheet shrinkage over a three-year span.

DIFFERENT TREASURIES MIX

The Fed’s Treasuries portfolio is shorter in maturity this time than in the previous QT round by about two years, according to New York Fed data. That is in part owing to the substantial purchases of T-bills, particularly early on in the crisis, to help restore market stability.

The plan issued Wednesday indicated officials will rely on redemptions of T-bills, which mature in a year or less, when the redemption of coupon securities, which are notes and bonds with maturities greater than one year, are below the monthly cap.

Officials generally don’t view T-bills as a needed part of their holdings required to ensure an ample supply of reserves for the banking system under their current operating framework.

The Fed said it would slow and then stop the QT process when banking system reserve balances are “somewhat above the level it judges to be consistent with ample reserves.” The Fed relies on a system of “ample reserves” to conduct its policy, and QT will reduce that pool of funds, which are deposited by banks with the Fed.

In the previous QT cycle, it ended up reducing reserve levels too much, resulting in upheaval in other short-term funding markets, an outcome it does not want to see repeated.

The minutes from the Fed’s March meeting showed officials expect redemptions of MBS to run below the USD 35 billion a month cap. That is because U.S. mortgage interest rates have already risen substantially, which has slowed the rate of “prepayments” that typically occur when rates are low and homeowners are enticed to refinance their existing loans. That triggers a loan payoff and shortens the maturity of a mortgage bond. Conversely, when rates rise, fewer bonds will mature each month.

Those minutes further showed officials “generally agreed” that it would be appropriate to consider outright sales of MBS “after balance sheet run off was well underway to enable suitable progress toward a longer-run … portfolio composed primarily of Treasury securities.”

The plan announced Wednesday, however, made no reference to that possibility, and Fed Chair Jerome Powell was not asked about it during his press conference.

(Reporting by Dan Burns; Editing by Andrea Ricci)